女性膀胱出口阻塞的患者是一個不容易被發現與診斷的疾病，此研究收錄了1014個女性有下泌尿路排尿障礙的患者，皆接受錄影尿路動力學的檢查，它們利用排尿時的膀胱壓力與尿流速之間的關係(在最大尿流速時的逼尿肌壓力-2x最大尿流速)，加上錄影尿路動力學的影像判斷確定尿道有阻塞的情況，對於膀胱出口阻塞的診斷率的敏感性與特異性可高達94%與93%，利用此種方法來判斷這1014個女性患者結果發現，約有19%的女性患者具有膀胱出口阻塞的現象，其中約有36%罹患功能性括約肌放鬆不良的情況，21%為尿失禁手術後產生之膀胱出口阻塞，最常見出口阻塞的伴隨症狀為頻尿，在面對傳統藥物治療無效的患者，作為一個泌尿科醫師應該仔細考慮膀胱出口阻塞的可能性。

Objective: Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in women remains an underdiagnosed condition. Although diagnosed rarely in general urologic practice, its incidence in specialist centers has been reported to be up to 29%. In the present study we evaluated the incidence of female BOO in adult women referred for evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms or urinary incontinence, assessing its etiology and correlating this with its clinical presentation. Methods: The present study consisted of a retrospective review of a prospectively acquired videourodynamic database of 1142 consecutive women referred for evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or urinary incontinence from March 2007 to December 2012 and diagnosed with BOO. After exclusions, data from 1014 patients were analyzed. BOO was defined using a combination of radiographic evidence of obstruction during the voiding phase of the urodynamic study and pressure–flow criteria (Solomon–Greenwell nomogram). Diagnosis was confirmed by cystoscopy, maximal urethral closure pressure, and magnetic resonance imaging as clinically indicated. Results: In all, 192 women (19%) were diagnosed with BOO. Functional sphincteric obstruction was diagnosed in 70 women (36%). The most common anatomical cause of BOO was previous anti-incontinence surgery, followed by urethral stricture, diagnosed in 21% and 20% of patients, respectively. The most common presenting symptoms were storage phase symptoms of daytime and night-time urinary frequency. Conclusions: BOO was present in 19% of women with LUTS. Functional sphincteric obstruction was the most common cause (36%), followed by obstruction after anti-incontinence surgery (21%). The most common presenting symptom was daytime urinary frequency. BOO should be suspected in women with refractory LUTS, especially those presenting with urinary frequency.