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周博敏 5ARI與攝護腺癌風險探討 2019/7/30 下午 06:18:56 0
原 文 題  目 Association of Treatment With 5α-Reductase Inhibitors With Time to Diagnosis and Mortality in Prostate Cancer
作  者 Reith R. Sarkar et al.
出  處 JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(6):812-819. oi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0280
出版日期 2019 May
評 論

5ARI是治療攝護腺肥大很常見的藥物。使用5ARI會使攝護腺體積縮小,並使血清中攝護腺特異抗原(PSA)降低50%。過去曾有大型臨床試驗(PCPT, REDUCE)研究此類藥物對於預防攝護腺癌的效果,研究結果顯示5ARI確實可以降低攝護腺癌發生率約25%,然而高惡性度(high grade)攝護腺癌的發生率卻較安慰劑組略為上升。一般的解釋認為此類藥物確實可以減少低惡性度攝護腺癌的發生,而高惡性度癌症發生率些微上升則是因為攝護腺體積減小之後,使得切片的診斷率上升的關係。前述試驗的設定是專門為了預防攝護腺癌的目的設計,然而對於一般男性長期使用5ARI治療攝護腺肥大,是否能夠一併降低攝護腺癌發生的機率,或是反而提高高惡性度攝護腺癌發生的風險,仍存在爭論。

本研究的目標是驗證相較於無使用5ARI的族群,是否使用5ARI者會延遲攝護腺癌診斷,並使診斷時期別上升,攝護腺癌死亡率上升,以及全死亡率上升。這是以全人口為母群體的世代研究,連結退伍軍人醫療系統以及死亡登記檔,在2001.1.1-2015.12.31間找到80875名攝護腺癌患者的資料。這些病患追蹤到2017.12.31,資料分析期間為2018年3月至5月。主要暴露因子是診斷攝護腺癌前使用5ARI的情形。要測量的主要結果是攝護腺癌死亡率。次要結果是初次PSA升高≥4至診斷切片的時間、癌症惡性度、期別、全死亡率。5ARI使用者的PSA會以兩倍值作為計算。

試驗結果發現:診斷年齡中位數為66歲。平均追蹤時間為5.5年。初次PSA升高至診斷切片的時間,5ARI使用者為3.6年,非使用者為1.4年(p<0.001)。切片時的PSA值,5ARI使用者為13.5,非使用者為6.4(p<0.001)。惡性度Gleason scores 8分以上的比例,5ARI使用者為25.2%,非使用者為17.0%(p<0.001)。轉移比率分別為6.7%與2.9%(p<0.001)。在多變數分析中,5ARI使用者的攝護腺癌死亡率與全死亡率之HR均較高,分別為1.39與1.1。

結論: 本研究顯示診斷攝護腺癌之前若有使用5ARI,與延遲診斷以及癌症預後較差有相關性。本研究資料顯示5ARI造成的PSA下降不容忽視。作者建議需要制定清楚的醫療準則,並提升5ARI使用者攝護腺癌偵測的動機。

本篇研究探究真實生活中使用5ARI治療攝護腺肥大是否會提高攝護腺癌死亡風險。然而此篇研究有幾點限制:

  1. 本研究選出15年間被診斷為攝護腺癌的病人,再分析這些人使用5ARI的情形。但這些人使用5ARI前是否曾接受攝護腺切片則未探討。
  2. 假設過去大型試驗結論為真,5ARI會降低低惡性度攝護腺癌發生,則高惡性度病人占癌症比例必然升高。本試驗無法得知使用5ARI但未罹患攝護腺癌的病人數目,因此無法得知真正的發生率。
  3. 使用5ARI的族群年齡較大、共病較多、PSA基礎值通常較高。這些因素只能事後用統計方法校正。此外,以攝護腺癌緩慢生長的特性,僅僅兩年的延遲診斷是否就足以造成死亡率的差異,仍有爭議。
  4. 即使如此,使用5ARI的患者必須小心追蹤PSA值,避免延誤診斷。
abstract IMPORTANCE 5α-Reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs), commonly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, reduce serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations by 50%. The association of 5-ARIs with detection of prostate cancer in a PSA-screened population remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that prediagnostic 5-ARI use is associated with a delayed diagnosis, more advanced disease at diagnosis, and higher risk of prostate cancer–specific mortality and all-cause mortality than use of other or no PSA-decreasing drugs.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based cohort study linked the Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure with the National Death Index to obtain patient records for 80 875 men with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I-IV prostate cancer diagnosed from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2015. Patients were followed up until death or December 31, 2017. Data analysis was performed from March 2018 to May 2018.
EXPOSURES Prediagnostic 5-ARI use.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM). Secondary outcomes included time from first elevated PSA (defined as PSA ≥ 4 ng/mL) to diagnostic prostate biopsy, cancer grade and stage at time of diagnosis, and all-cause mortality (ACM). Prostate-specific antigen levels for 5-ARI users were adjusted by doubling the value, consistent with previous clinical trials.
RESULTS Median (interquartile range [IQR]) age at diagnosis was 66 (61-72) years; median [IQR] follow-up was 5.90 (3.50-8.80) years. Median time from first adjusted elevated PSA to diagnosis was significantly greater for 5-ARI users than 5-ARI nonusers (3.60 [95% CI, 1.79-6.09] years vs 1.40 [95% CI, 0.38-3.27] years; P < .001) among patients with known prostate biopsy date. Median adjusted PSA at time of biopsy was significantly higher for 5-ARI users than 5-ARI non-users (13.5 ng/mL vs 6.4 ng/mL; P < .001). Patients treated with 5-ARI were more likely to have Gleason grade 8 or higher (25.2% vs 17.0%; P < .001), clinical stage T3 or higher (4.7% vs 2.9%; P < .001), node-positive (3.0% vs 1.7%; P < .001), and metastatic (6.7% vs 2.9%; P < .001) disease than 5-ARI nonusers. In a multivariable regression, patients who took 5-ARI had higher prostate cancer–specific (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 1.39; 95% CI, 1.27-1.52; P < .001) and all-cause (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.15; P < .001) mortality.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this study demonstrate that prediagnostic use of 5-ARIs was associated with delayed diagnosis and worse cancer-specific outcomes in men with prostate cancer. These data highlight a continued need to raise awareness of 5-ARI-induced PSA suppression, establish clear guidelines for early prostate cancer detection, and motivate systems-based practices to facilitate optimal care for men who use 5-ARIs.
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