這篇文章主要是在探討如何藉由改變飲食習慣、飲食行為及睡眠特性來改善夜尿的狀況，因為夜尿實在是一種惱人的症狀，不但干擾睡眠，造成隔天日間精神不濟，更有可能在起床如廁時發生意外事件。此篇研究是針對日本長濱市的居民所進行的縱向研究，長濱市擁有約12萬5千位居民，此研究的研究時間為2008至2010年，研究對象介於30至74歲健康無殘疾的居民。初期納入了6919位50歲以上的民眾，經過五年的追蹤後，最終納入5721位民眾參與研究分析。被排除的條件為沒有睡眠日誌(977位)、接受心臟節律器植入(7位)、腎衰竭接受洗腎(4位)、接受睡眠呼吸中止症治療(42位)、嚴重腎功能不良(60位)、沒有驗尿結果者(38位)、未完成飲食問卷者(6位)及輪夜班者(102位)。受試者必須接受7日的睡眠日誌及記錄夜尿次數，同時必須記錄飲食的習慣。飲食習慣的評估是使用food frequency 問卷，包含綠色蔬菜食用頻率，與乳製品、味增湯、綠茶、咖啡等等與鈉攝取有關的食物。另外還要記錄不良的飲食習慣，如每周有3日以上未吃早餐、睡前2小時有進食、晚餐後有吃零食習慣或是吃很快等。而睡眠狀況的評估是使用Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index。另外受試者還須接受血液與尿液檢測以檢驗鈉、鉀及肌肝酸。

在結果部分，年齡與夜尿的發生是有相關的，其他與夜尿發生相關的因素有男性的性別、高血壓、睡眠呼吸中止、B型心房利鈉肽(B-type natriuretic peptides)及尿中鈉的分泌量。至於飲食中與夜尿的發生有關的因素包含咖啡的攝取(每日大於一次)及綠色蔬菜的攝取(每周一次以上)。而至於乳製品的攝取、味增湯及喝酒是與夜尿的發生無相關的。另外在睡眠習慣部分，越晚睡則夜尿次數越少(無論睡眠時間多久)。

最後這篇研究的結論是，白天多攝取咖啡(每天一次以上)及綠色蔬菜(每周一次以上)，及較晚的睡眠時間(午夜過後)，均會讓夜尿的次數減少。因為白天攝取咖啡會讓白天利尿，進而使夜間尿量減少。而綠色蔬菜則因含有大量的鉀離子，也會在白天進行利尿，而有同樣減少夜間尿量的效果。而較晚的睡眠時間，代表晚餐到睡覺的中間的時間延長了，因此有較多的鈉跟水份能排出體外，進而減少睡眠中的尿量。

BACKGROUND:
Nocturia is a risk factor for poor quality of life and increased mortality. This study was aimed to clarifying dietary habits, eating behaviors, and sleep characteristics associated with nocturia to identify modifiable lifestyle factors for nocturia.

METHODS:
This cross-sectional study included 5683 community residents (64.5 ± 7.7 years old). The frequency of nocturnal urination was recorded for 1 week using a sleep diary. The frequency of food intake, unfavorable eating behaviors, and sleep characteristics that may have influence on salt intake and wasting were obtained using a structured questionnaire.

RESULTS:
The frequency of nocturnal urination was increased with age (β = .312, P < .001). Other basic factors associated with the frequency were the male sex (β = .090), hypertension (β = .038), sleep apnea (β = .030), B-type natriuretic peptide level (β = .089), and spot urine sodium excretion (β = -.058). Dietary factors independently associated with nocturnal urination frequency were coffee (≥1 time/day: β = -.059, P < .001) and green vegetable consumption (≥1 time/week: β = -.042, P = .001), whereas habitual intake of dairy products, miso soup, and alcohol were not associated with urination frequency. Later bedtime was inversely associated with nocturnal urination frequency independent of sleep duration (before 23:00: β = -.096; before 24:00: β = -.225; after midnight: β = -.240; all P < .001).

CONCLUSION:
Coffee and green vegetable consumption and later bedtime but not sleep duration are lifestyle factors associated with nocturnal urination frequency.